It has been acknowledged that results from genome-wide association studies need to be reproduced in further independent samples. This includes both aspects of replication and validation. Although ...

Many non-essential bacterial characteristics are encoded by plasmids, extrachromosomal genetic elements which exist in the cell predominantly as circular molecules of supercoiled double-stranded DNA.

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Kelsey Piper is a contributing editor at Future Perfect, Vox’s effective altruism-inspired section on the world’s biggest challenges. She explores wide-ranging topics like climate change, artificial ...