On a conspectus of the aforementioned authorities, it is evident that a clause for the forfeiture of earnest money is not penal in the ordinary sense, rendering Section 74 of the 1872 Act, ...

Before we proceed to answer the question formulated by us in para 27, we deem it necessary to examine Section 22 of the 1963 Act. It reads thus: “22. Power to grant relief for possession, partition, ...

The Fundamental Rights in India are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution, covering Articles 12 to 35. These rights are considered essential for the development of every individual and for ...

In Our Constituent Assembly, this 26th day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT, and GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Individualization of sentencing means customizing the punishment based on the individual offender's characteristics, circumstances, and background, rather than applying the same punishment uniformly ...

International Norms: The Declaration has influenced international treaties, regional charters (like the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights), and global conferences, including the Vienna ...

Maharashtra’s law keeps an eye on repeat offenders, can restrict their movement, send them for reform, and gives extra punishment if they break rules or are caught acting suspiciously.

The climate of fear and impunity created by AFSPA undermines democratic participation, silences dissent, and erodes trust between Indigenous communities and the state. The militarization of Indigenous ...

The inclusion of I4C under the PMLA framework allows it to receive and exchange critical financial intelligence with agencies ...

Special laws in India refer to statutes enacted to address specific types of offences or situations not fully covered by the Indian Penal Code (IPC). These laws often prescribe their own sentencing ...

Judicial activism is evident in landmark judgments such as the expansion of Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty) to include the "due process of law," not just "procedure established by law, ...

Committees like the Malimath and Madhav Menon Committees have recommended statutory frameworks for sentencing. Adoption of alternative sanctions and a victim-centric approach are suggested to improve ...